There are lots of ways to make cryptic clues, but I would say that there are five basic types of clue. Obviously, there are sub-divisions of these, but I think we can look at these categories and place most, if not all, clues within them.
Anagrams
Hidden words
Initials
Constructions
Straight
We've covered most of these in the plethora of clues in this thread. There are lots of anagrams and lately, we've had many examples of hidden words.
This is an example of a construction, which has a partial anagram:
Salad veg chic cooks featured in broadcast (9)
There is an anagram of 'chic' in radio, thus giving us radicchio.
Straight clues are not entirely straight...they may well involve word play, puns, words that sound like other words, words with more than one meaning or other variations. Spoonerisms are a bit of a favourite, like one of mine earlier:
Indian circle for Spooner to put in the tureen? (4,4)
The answer is leek soup (or Sikh loop if you are Dr Spooner).
I found one example of initials in a clue I made up a while back:
Root's hundred utterly brilliant, absolutely regal batting - for starters, Geoffrey's mother uses this! (7)
The answer is rhubarb, from the first letters of the first seven words. The second part is an allusion to a famous saying from Geoffrey Boycott (“my mother could have hit that with a stick of rhubarb.”)
I don't know whether this brief explanation helps in any way or merely obfuscates...